Inspect internal flaws using X-rays or gamma rays without damaging the material. Commonly used in welds, castings, and piping systems.

High-frequency sound waves are used to detect internal defects and measure thickness. Widely used for weld inspection and flaw detection.

This reveals surface & shallow subsurface defects in ferromagnetic materials like iron or nickel using magnetic fields & powder.

Surface-breaking defects such as cracks and pinholes are revealed using dye on non-porous materials. A low-cost and effective method.

The oldest and most basic method, it involves inspecting surfaces visually or with magnification to identify visible defects or misalignments.

PWHT is used after welding to reduce stress and improve the mechanical properties of the weld by applying controlled heat.

Used to measure the thickness of materials like pipes and tanks using sound waves, ideal for detecting corrosion or thinning.

Evaluates a material’s resistance to indentation, providing insight into strength, heat treatment effectiveness, and wear resistance.

Detects weld leaks by applying a vacuum and using a soap solution. Bubbles indicate the leak point — a quick and visible test.